THE EFFECTS OF CANCER TREATMENTS DURING PREGNANCY: BENEFITS FOR THE MOTHER AND RISKS FOR THE BABY

Abstract

Cancer during pregnancy presents a complex challenge for patients, physicians, and families, as it involves not only medical concerns but also psychological and ethical dilemmas. Although rare and still insufficiently studied, understanding this condition is essential to guide safe clinical decisions that balance the risks and benefits for both mother and fetus. This study aims to evaluate the effects of cancer therapies during pregnancy and to raise awareness about the associated risks and available treatment alternatives. The specific objectives were: (1) to analyze the main types of cancer diagnosed during pregnancy and their implications for maternal and fetal health; (2) to investigate the most common oncological treatments—chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery—and their effects on the fetus; (3) to assess the risks and benefits of these treatments according to the gestational stage and cancer type; and (4) to discuss the ethical, psychological, and social dilemmas involved in decision-making regarding cancer treatment during pregnancy. A literature review was conducted in PubMed, SciELO, and Google Scholar databases, using the keywords: cancer, pregnancy, fetus, chemotherapy, and gestation, combined with Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) to improve filtering. Publications from 1980 to 2025 were included. It is concluded that cancer during pregnancy, though uncommon, requires a multidisciplinary approach due to the maternal and fetal risks involved. The most frequent tumors are breast, gynecological, thyroid, and hematologic cancers. Surgical treatment can be safely performed when properly indicated; chemotherapy is feasible from the second trimester with moderate risks; and radiotherapy should be avoided because of its teratogenic potential. Therapeutic decisions must prioritize maternal prognosis while balancing gestational age and integrating ethical and psychological aspects, ensuring emotional support and active participation of the patient in clinical decisions